IoT Standards
Amazon Sidewalk
Amazon Sidewalk is a secure community network that uses Amazon Sidewalk Gateways (also called Sidewalk Bridges), such as compatible Amazon Echo and Ring devices, to provide cloud connectivity for IoT endpoint devices. Amazon Sidewalk enables low-bandwidth and long-range connectivity at home and beyond using Bluetooth Low Energy for short-distance communication and LoRa and FSK radio protocols at 900MHz frequencies to cover longer distances. When Amazon Sidewalk Gateway owners opt to participate in the Sidewalk Network, Sidewalk endpoint devices located within the wireless range of this network can be used for applications such as sensing the environment or alerting when a specific condition or event occurs. Amazon Sidewalk supports a diversity of use cases, from connected sensors, utility meters or appliances in and around the home to trackers, tools, toys and monitoring devices that are used in and around neighborhoods and on the go. Amazon Sidewalk transfers data between Sidewalk endpoints and Sidewalk Gateways, and between Sidewalk Gateways and the AWS cloud. The following are features of Amazon Sidewalk: - Amazon Sidewalk creates a low-bandwidth network using Sidewalk Gateways that include select Ring and Echo devices. The Sidewalk Gateways share a small portion of the user’s internet bandwidth, which is then used to connect endpoints to the network. The strength of Amazon Sidewalk network increases with an increase in the number of gateways. - Amazon Sidewalk offers a secure networking mechanism with multiple layers of encryption. It can be used to connect endpoint devices and objects, even if they are outside the normal range of Wi-Fi communication. Amazon Sidewalk offers a simple mechanism to enable or disable participation in Sidewalk at any time, from Alexa account settings or Ring Control Center.
Ant
Consists of 3 protocols: - Ant: low level protocol - Ant+: device descriptions - Ant-fs: file transfer on top of ant
BACnet
BACnet is the global data communications protocol standard for building automation and control networks. BACnet was developed and is continuously maintained and enhanced by the BACnet Committee, a standing technical committee (SSPC 135) of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). BACnet is an ISO standard (EN ISO 16484-5), a European standard and a national standard in many countries. BACnet provides a vendor-independent networking solution to enable Interoperability among equipment and control devices for a wide range of building automation applications. It was designed specifically to meet the communication needs of building automation and control systems. It includes specific support for building automation applications such as heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, lighting, access control, elevators, security and fire detection systems. BACnet enables interoperability among these systems by defining communications messages, formats and rules for exchanging data, commands, and status information. BACnet provides the data communications infrastructure for intelligent buildings and is a key component of smart cities. A global product certification process is in place to ensure products claiming conformance to the BACnet standard have been independently tested using industry accepted test definitions. A global listing of products that have achieved certification is maintained by the BACnet Testing Laboratories (BTL).
Bluetooth low energy
The Bluetooth Low Energy (LE) radio is designed for very low power operation. Transmitting data over 40 channels in the 2.4GHz unlicensed ISM frequency band, the Bluetooth LE radio provides developers a tremendous amount of flexibility to build products that meet the unique connectivity requirements of their market. Bluetooth LE supports multiple communication topologies, expanding from point-to-point to broadcast and, most recently, mesh, enabling Bluetooth technology to support the creation of reliable, large-scale device networks. While initially known for its device communications capabilities, Bluetooth LE is now also widely used as a device positioning technology to address the increasing demand for high accuracy indoor location services. Bluetooth LE now includes features that enable one device to determine the presence, distance, and direction of another device.
Bluetooth classic
The Bluetooth Classic radio, also referred to as Bluetooth Basic Rate/Enhanced Data Rate (BR/EDR), is a low power radio that streams data over 79 channels in the 2.4GHz unlicensed industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency band. Supporting point-to-point device communication, Bluetooth Classic is mainly used to enable wireless audio streaming and has become the standard radio protocol behind wireless speakers, headphones, and in-car entertainment systems. The Bluetooth Classic radio also enables data transfer applications, including mobile printing.
CAN bus
A controller area network (CAN) is a vehicle bus standard designed to enable efficient communication primarily between electronic control units (ECUs). Originally developed to reduce the complexity and cost of electrical wiring in automobiles through multiplexing, the CAN bus protocol has since been adopted in various other contexts. This broadcast-based, message-oriented protocol ensures data integrity and prioritization through a process called arbitration, allowing the highest priority device to continue transmitting if multiple devices attempt to send data simultaneously, while others back off. Its reliability is enhanced by differential signaling, which mitigates electrical noise. Common versions of the CAN protocol include CAN 2.0, CAN FD, and CAN XL which vary in their data rate capabilities and maximum data payload sizes.
CoAP
The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a specialized web transfer protocol for use with constrained nodes and constrained networks in the Internet of Things. The protocol is designed for machine-to-machine (M2M) applications such as smart energy and building automation. Like HTTP, CoAP is based on the wildly successful REST model: Servers make resources available under a URL, and clients access these resources using methods such as GET, PUT, POST, and DELETE. From a developer point of view, CoAP feels very much like HTTP. Obtaining a value from a sensor is not much different from obtaining a value from a Web API.
Dash7
DASH7 Alliance Protocol (D7A) is an open-source wireless sensor and actuator network protocol, which operates in the 433 MHz, 868 MHz and 915 MHz unlicensed ISM/SRD band. DASH7 provides multi-year battery life, range of up to 2 km, low latency for connecting with moving things, a very small open-source protocol stack, AES 128-bit shared-key encryption support, and data transfer of up to 167 kbit/s. The DASH7 Alliance Protocol is the name of the technology promoted by the non-profit consortium called the DASH7 Alliance. Networks based on DASH7 differ from typical wire-line and wireless networks utilizing a "session". DASH7 networks serve applications in which low power usage is essential and data transmission is typically much slower and/or sporadic, like basic telemetry. Thus, instead of replicating a wire-line "session", DASH7 was designed with the concept of B.L.A.S.T.: - *Bursty*: Data transfer is abrupt and does not include content such as video, audio, or other isochronous forms of data. - *Light*: For most applications, packet sizes are limited to 256 bytes. Transmission of multiple consecutive packets may occur, but is generally avoided, if possible. - *Asynchronous*: DASH7's main method of communication is by command–response, which by design requires no periodic network "hand-shaking" or synchronization between devices. - *Stealth*: DASH7 devices do not need periodic beaconing to be able to respond in communication. - *Transitive*: A DASH7 system of devices is inherently mobile or transitional. Unlike other wireless technologies, DASH7 is upload-centric, not download-centric, thus devices do not need to be managed extensively by fixed infrastructure, i.e., base stations.
Dect NR+
DECT NR+ (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications New Radio Plus) is a wireless communication protocol designed to provide reliable, low-latency, and energy-efficient connectivity for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. It operates in the unlicensed 1.9 GHz DECT spectrum and is part of the evolving DECT-2020 NR standard, which aligns with 5G requirements. DECT NR+ supports ultra-reliable and scalable communication, making it well-suited for industrial IoT applications, smart cities, and other large-scale IoT deployments. Its mesh networking capabilities allow devices to act as nodes, enabling extended coverage and robustness in environments with high device densities.
DLMS
Is short for Device Language Message Specification, and is an international data model and data format for data exchange in energy and water smart management, advanced sensing and monitoring and innovative smart metering. It aims to establish a standardized data exchange model for transmitting data between smart devices and head-end systems or amongst smart devices, in the energy or water sector. It is internationally adopted under IEC 62056, ANSI C12, and EN13757-1 suites of standards. The DLMS UA specifications include an object-oriented data model, an application layer protocol and media-specific communication profiles, that standardize message types for various operations, such as reading and writing data. Additionally, it also includes rules for formatting and transmitting these messages. It can be applied over multiple types of communication technology. The development and maintenance of specifications adopted by IEC and ANSI is guaranteed by liaison agreements signed between DLMS UA and these respective organizations.
EnOcean
The EnOcean wireless standard is geared to wireless sensors and wireless sensor networks with ultra-low power consumption. It also includes sensor networks that utilize energy harvesting technology to draw energy from their surroundings – for example from motion, light or temperature differences. This principle enables electronic control systems to be used that work independently of an external power supply. The EnOcean wireless standard (ISO/ IEC 14543-3-1X) in sub 1GHz is optimized for use in buildings, as a radio range of 30m indoors is possible.
ESP-NOW
ESP-NOW is a wireless communication protocol based on the data-link layer, which reduces the five layers of the OSI model to only one. This way, the data need not be transmitted through the network layer, the transport layer, the session layer, the presentation layer, and the application layer. Also, there is no need for packet headers or unpackers on each layer, which leads to a quick response reducing the delay caused by packet loss in congested networks.
Insteon
Insteon is a proprietary home automation (domotics) system that enables light switches, lights, leak sensors, remote controls, motion sensors, and other electrically powered devices to interoperate through power lines, radio frequency (RF) communications, or both. It employs a dual-mesh networking topology in which all devices are peers and each device independently transmits, receives, confirm and repeats messages. Like other home automation systems, it had been associated with the Internet of things.
LoRa
LoRa is a wireless modulation technique derived from Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) technology. It encodes information on radio waves using chirp pulses - similar to the way dolphins and bats communicate! LoRa modulated transmission is robust against disturbances and can be received across great distances. LoRa is ideal for applications that transmit small chunks of data with low bit rates. Data can be transmitted at a longer range compared to technologies like WiFi, Bluetooth or ZigBee. These features make LoRa well suited for sensors and actuators that operate in low power mode. LoRa can be operated on the license free sub-gigahertz bands, for example, 915 MHz, 868 MHz, and 433 MHz. It also can be operated on 2.4 GHz to achieve higher data rates compared to sub-gigahertz bands, at the cost of range. These frequencies fall into ISM bands that are reserved internationally for industrial, scientific, and medical purposes.
LoRaWAN
The LoRaWAN® specification is a Low Power, Wide Area (LPWA) networking specification designed to wirelessly connect battery operated ‘things’ to the internet in regional, national or global networks, and targets key Internet of Things (IoT) requirements such as bi-directional communication, end-to-end security, mobility and localization services. LoRaWAN operates in unlicensed radio frequency bands and is known for its long-range capabilities (up to 15 km in rural areas), low power consumption, and the ability to connect a large number of devices to a single network. The architecture includes end devices, gateways, network servers, and application servers, enabling a scalable and flexible network for diverse IoT applications. LoRaWAN is a Media Access Control (MAC) layer protocol built on top of LoRa modulation. It is a software layer which defines how devices use the LoRa hardware, for example when they transmit, and the format of messages.
MIoTy
Mioty is a software based low-power, wide-area network (LPWAN) protocol that was developed to overcome todays and future wireless connectivity limitations. With its best-in-class reliability and scalability, mioty is designed for massive IoT deployments. Telegrams are split in multiple subpackets which are then transmitted over different frequencies and time. An algorithm in the base station permanently scans the spectrum for mioty sub-packets and reassembles them into a complete message. Due to sophisticated Forward Error Correction (FEC), the receiver only needs 50% of the radio bursts in order to completely reconstruct the information. This reduces the impact of corrupted or lost bursts due to collisions and increases the resistance to interference.
NB-Fi
NB-Fi is an LPWAN protocol that supports secure bidirectional communication for Internet of Things (IoT), machine-to-machine (M2M) and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) applications. NB-Fi makes it possible to realize the enormous potential of the Internet of Things by collecting and analyzing data from end devices for analytical, accounting, billing and ERP systems. NB-Fi technology ensures wireless communication between devices in hard-to-reach places over long distances in dense urban areas, being perfectly fit for the building of IoT networks, deployment of automated metering systems for utilities, Smart Grid and Smart City projects, wireless solutions for industrial, agriculture, monitoring and alarm systems. NB-Fi is an open standard with disclosed format of NB-Fi messages and relevant technical data required for manufacturers to produce compatible IoT end devices.
Sigfox
Sigfox 0G technology is an Low-Power Wide-Area (LPWA) networking protocol owned by UnaBiz. It is designed to connect sensors and devices securely at low-cost in the most energy efficient way to enable Massive IoT. Since its inception in 2010, the 0G technology has been adopted by 70+ national 0G IoT Solution Providers globally. They own and commercialise the global 0G network in the respective countries they operate in. Today, UnaBiz, the 0G IoT Solution Providers, and over 800+ ecosystem of IoT players (chip manufacturers, device makers, solution providers, system integrators) collaborate to provide the global 0G Network and Massive IoT solutions and services to over 1,500+ B2B customers, connecting over 11 million devices.
